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Rise of Henry II and his sons
Matilda's son, the future King Henry II of England, became a skilled military tactician and arrived in England to pursue his family claim to the throne. By marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine, the Duchy of Aquitaine had become part of the Plantagenet's vast land holdings in the emerging Angevin Empire. In November 1153, after arriving in England, Henry came to an agreement with Stephen and they signed the Treaty of Wallingford, recognising Henry as heir to Stephen's throne. Scholars regard Henry's reign as energetic with effective government. Henry overhauled the English judicial system, restoring royal authority to replace the manipulated feudal law of barons who had undermined Stephen's reign. The system and reforms put in place by Henry restored law and order to create a self-standing system which used competent government clerks and sheriffs. It could operate smoothly with common law prevailing, even if the king was absent or less skilled monarchs reigned.
When Dermot MacMurrough, then King of Leinster, was chased out of his lands by Tiernan O'Rourke in 1166, on behalf of Rory O'Connor (then High King of Ireland) he asked Henry for help. Henry allowed MacMurrough enough soldiers to instigate a Norman invasion of Ireland, restoring MacMurrough to Leinster and inserting his son John as Lord of Ireland. Henry also recovered Northumberland and Cumbria from the control of Scotland who had earlier seized the areas from the Kingdom of England, during the reigns of Malcolm II and David I of Scotland respectively. Henry's first son, William, died at age two. His second son, also named Henry, was crowned coregent at the age of fifteen and known thereafter as Henry the Young King. The coronation was performed by the Archbishop of York. This angered Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury and former close friend of Henry; Henry asked, "who would rid me of this turbulent priest?!", after which knights killed Becket. This caused the Pope to excommunicate the King. Henry regretted his friend's death and exhibited a penance in public; walking barefoot into Canterbury Cathedral, he allowed monks to scourge him. His excommunication was rescinded.
In his will, Henry envisaged a situation similar to a federal monarchy for the Plantagenet Empire. He planned that his four sons would inherit different parts: England, Normandy and Anjou for Henry the Younger, Aquitaine for Richard, Brittany for Geoffrey and Ireland for John. Each would preside over a separate monarchy. Under the leadership of his son Henry the Younger, who wanted more power during Henry II's lifetime, his wife and sons rebelled in the Revolt of 1173–1174. The rebels included the king of France, his second cousin the king of Scotland and English barons. Despite being attacked on various different fronts, Henry II and his loyalists fought a defensive campaign that humiliated all their enemies. Henry's men, led by Ranulf de Glanvill, captured his second cousin William I of Scotland at the Battle of Alnwick, but allowed him to swear fealty to Henry at York Castle. Henry the Younger instigated another rebellion against his father in 1183 during which he died of dysentery.
Richard the Lionheart, as Henry II's third son would later be known, became monarch in 1189. Richard did not focus on local governance as his father did and rarely spent time in England. Rather, he built up a reputation as a great military leader and warrior for his efforts in the Third Crusade, achieving considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin. For a time Richard was Lord of Cyprus, but sold the island in 1192 to Guy of Lusignan, whose wife was Richard's second cousin. Since his death Richard has been romanticised in English folklore. His name remains synonymous with bravery and courage.
His brother John of England, nicknamed Lackland (because he was the fifth son and there had originally been no lands left for him to inherit) succeeded the throne in 1199, thus inheriting the entirety of his family's holdings. Geoffrey was next in line but had died in 1186. John clashed with Philip II of France, who favoured John's nephew Arthur to control the Plantagenet territories in the European mainlands. After Arthur was killed, the Norman and Angevin lords rebelled against Plantagenet rule and John lost much of the continent to the House of Capet, solidified by defeat at the Battle of Bouvines. John also had to deal with rebellion in England, and was forced by barons to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 to limit his power. That is regarded as an early first step in the evolution of modern democracy. As John signed the document under duress, the First Barons' War broke out, with the barons inviting an invasion by Louis VIII of France. John died in 1216 and his son Henry III of England succeeded him. The barons switched their allegiance back to Plantagenet against Capet.
About the Author
Trisna Ida website's:
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Animal Medical Center tour & Mickey Rourke signed photo on the wall of AMCenter tour upper East Side